data flow through san application (its cache/buffers) kernel (interface) file system file system memory cache kernel VM or virtualization agent abstraction layer storing device driver (storage command interpreter mostly) low-level device driver (physical connection) system memory bus system I/O bus HBA wiring including any virtualization operators in the path storage subsystem controller storage subsystem cache (optional) storage subsystem internal connectivity storage replication buffer/latency (sync/async) device controller device buffer memory device media OSI layers -vs- FC 7-6 4 = FC-4 ULP-FCP 3 = FC-3 services,encryption 2 = FC-2 framing, flowcontrol 1 = FC-1 encoding, linkcontrol FC-0 physical